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Numbers (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible) Paperback – October 1, 2009

4.9 4.9 out of 5 stars 8 ratings

This ninth volume in the Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible offers a theological exegesis of Numbers. This commentary, like each in the series, is designed to serve the church--through aid in preaching, teaching, study groups, and so forth--and demonstrate the continuing intellectual and practical viability of theological interpretation of the Bible.

"The Brazos Theological Commentary exists to provide an accessible authority so that the preacher's application will be a ready bandage for all the hurts of life. The Brazos Commentary offers just the right level of light to make illuminating the word the joy it was meant to be."--
Calvin Miller, author of A Hunger for the Holy and Loving God Up Close
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Editorial Reviews

From the Inside Flap

"In Numbers Stubbs shows us what theological interpretation of scripture should be: deeply attentive to the biblical text, whilst at the same time drawing richly from the church's theological heritage. With the church of our day so divided and confused, we have never more needed to hear God's word from the book of Numbers, this most ecclesiological of books. God willing, with the patient guidance of Stubbs and other theologians like him, we may yet find our way through the desert of our failings and besetting sins."--Nathan MacDonald, Cambridge University and St. John's College, Cambridge

"The Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible is a crucial venture, and Stubbs's
Numbers is a most welcome addition. With great passion for the text and the people it seeks to form, Stubbs demonstrates that the theological wisdom of the past helps to display the profound importance of the book of Numbers for the cultivation of scripturally shaped ecclesial life. No less does Stubbs's commentary show the interpretive merits gained by thorough interaction with modern biblical study. In short, Stubbs is to be commended for his steadfast rejection of the false alternative so often posed between ancient and contemporary hermeneutical strategies. Stubbs reads this Old Testament book with an interpretive patience, literary attentiveness, and theological freedom that invite us all to return to the text and consider it more closely--surely a proper end of any theological exegesis worth its name."--C. Kavin Rowe, Duke Divinity School

"The editors of the Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible have chosen theologians for whom doctrine is a living engagement with the tradition, a habit of mind and heart, not a chiseling of propositions on stone tablets--theologians like David Stubbs. His commentary on Numbers helps to bridge the divide that has arisen between theologians and exegetes to the impoverishment of both and the Church. He sees in the diverse material of Numbers a consistent portrayal of God as a 'burning fire that tests us and ultimately cleanses us to make us holy.'"--
Thomas A. Boogaart, Western Theological Seminary

From the Back Cover

The Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible enlists leading theologians to read and interpret scripture creedally for the twenty-first century, just as the church fathers, the Reformers, and other orthodox Christians did for their times and places. Numbers, like each commentary in the series, is designed to serve the church--through aid in preaching, teaching, study groups, and so forth--and demonstrate the continuing intellectual and practical viability of theological interpretation of the Bible.

"David Stubbs is an able guide as he focuses on the literary shape of the final form of Numbers and its theological implications for the life of the Christian church. Stubbs provides a rich and substantive Christian reading of Numbers, focusing on its vision of who the people of God are to be, the failure of the people to live up to God's vision and God's faithfulness in spite of that failure, and the reorganization and new beginning of an emerging generation of God's people as they prepare for life in the promised land of Canaan. Stubbs interacts responsibly with current Old Testament scholarship on Numbers. He also expands his commentary into a dense theological dialogue with New Testament texts, modern Jewish interpreters, and a wide array of Christian interpreters. And he takes up a host of substantive theological issues and concerns. Stubbs manages to offer up a sumptuous theological feast out of what is sometimes seen as the dry fare of the book of Numbers."--
Dennis Olson, Princeton Theological Seminary

"Stubbs's sophisticated literary approach is just what is needed to engage the interplay of law and narrative in this, the most complex book of the Torah. Moreover, his wide-ranging theological and ecclesial imagination is deeply informed by scripture and the history of its interpretation by both Jews and Christians. Stubbs has opened up the riches of a book that was effectively closed to the church, making it accessible and even indispensable for our journey with God."--
Ellen F. Davis, Duke Divinity School

General editor:
R. R. Reno (Creighton University)
Series editors:
Robert W. Jenson (Center of Theological Inquiry)
Robert Louis Wilken (University of Virginia)
Ephraim Radner (Wycliffe College, University of Toronto)
Michael Root (Catholic University of America)
George Sumner (Wycliffe College, University of Toronto)

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Brazos Press (October 1, 2009)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 272 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1587431408
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1587431401
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.14 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.5 x 1 x 9.75 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.9 4.9 out of 5 stars 8 ratings

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4.9 out of 5 stars
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on August 6, 2017
Excellent critical review of exegetical scholarship written with clarity for lay readers and for pulpit proclamation.
Reviewed in the United States on November 4, 2013
This is my first experience with the Brazos Theological Commentary series. I serve 2 small rural congregations. I turned to Numbers for preaching themes attempting to relate Israel's wilderness journey to the current state of the Church. I would confess to being a novice in Hebrew Bible - I know Old Testament themes, but have never dug into details of the Tabernacle or festival celebrations or symbols, etc. Stubbs touches on some exegetical issues, (and provides ample footnotes for further exploration) but the focus is on how God is revealed in Israel's experience. I found myself using the commentary as a devotional and looking forward to what I would discover the next chapter. It has been a great resource for preaching and a great help in understanding background - how threads fit into the Hebrew context, how they relate to New Testament themes and current issues for believers.
One example of an issue I found helpful is the discussion of Clean and Unclean from Numbers 5:1-4. (p52-56). Stubbs spends over 3 pages unpacking the worldview behind the emphasis on maintaining the purity of the Tabernacle and Israel's camp. What I found most helpful was his point that Jesus broke every one of the purity guidelines. He deduces that in the New Testament, the Presence of God in Christ heals or overcomes the various causes of impurity that isolated us under the Old Covenant - those who would have been cast out of the Israelite camp for their impurities are embraced, healed and forgiven by Jesus. Stubbs' summary delves into current issues of physical and moral integrity for the Church.
I will be exploring other volumes in this series.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 13, 2014
Very Good Commentary
Reviewed in the United States on July 21, 2022
NUMBERS was WRITTEN by MOSES
"Moses recorded their starting places according to their journeys by the command of the Lord" (33:2).

SUMMARY
God frees the Jews from slavery in Egypt and brings them to Mount Sinai. There He reveals Himself to them and makes a covenant with them. They are to be "a priestly kingdom and a holy nation" (Ex 19:6). Soon afterwards they begin grumbling about their food and hardships. God disciplines them, delaying their entrance into the promised land for forty years, one year for each day they spied out the Promised Land.

A GOOD SUMMARY VERSE (14:11)
"The Lord said to Moses, 'How long will this people spurn Me? And how long will they not believe in Me, despite all the signs which I have performed in their midst'"

OUTLINE
1:1 - 10:10 God organizes His people for the journey to the Promised Land
10:11 - 25:18 Israel's struggles with unfaithfulness to God
26:1 - 36:13 God prepares Israel for life in the promised land

HOW GOD ORGANIZED HIS PEOPLE – From TABERNACLE to TEMPLE to CHRIST (Number2 2)
God organized the people to camp and march in a certain order as they wandered in the wilderness.
The 12 tribes are placed in the pattern of a square, with the Levites in the middle, and the TABERNACLE, representing the presence of God, in the center.
On the east side = Judah, Issachar, Zebulun
On the south side = Reuben, Simeon, Gad
On the west side = Ephraim, Manasseh, Benjamin
On the north side = Dan, Asher, Naphtali

In Ezekiel's vision, the presence of God is now represented by the the TEMPLE instead of the tabernacle. The 12 tribes are assigned territories surrounding Jerusalem (47:21-48:29), which has 12 gates in its walls, 3 on each side, each named after a tribe (48:30-35).

In the New Testament, Jesus claims to be the true presence of God (Jn 10:30 "I and the Father are one") surrounded by His twelve apostles. Jesus' choice of 12 apostles shows His understanding of the promises God made to the patriarchs and their descendants. They become a picture of a renewed remnant of Israel, led by their Messiah.

In the apostle John's vision of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21:9-27), there is no tabernacle nor temple, "for the LORD GOD THE ALMIGHTY and THE LAMB are its temple" (21:22). The city has a wall with 12 gates inscribed with the names of the 12 tribes of Israel, and 12 foundation stones inscribed with the names of the 12 apostles of THE LAMB. These combined are the 24 elders sitting around the throne (4:4).

GOD IS HOLY
"Holy" means "separate," but separate from what?
Separate from all corruption, chaos, moral impurity, and sin.

THE CLEAN and the UNCLEAN (5:1-4)
How is it that Jesus touched lepers (Mk 1:40-45), a woman with a hemorrhage (Mk:25-34), and corpses (Mk 5:21-25, 35-43). Did He ignore the laws about avoiding unclean situations?
Actually, He touched the unclean in order to make them clean.
Jesus said, "The blind receive sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have the gospel preached to them" (Lk 7:22).

THE NAZARITES (6:1-21)
Examples are Samson, Samuel, and John the Baptist.
They took vows to abstain from alcohol, from touching corpses, and from cutting their hair.
Nazarites represent the highest ideals of Israel – holy people who voluntarily dedicate themselves, all their strength, vitality, and passion, in the zealous service of God, for either a limited time or forever.

They are like those Jesus described as His disciples.
"If any want to be My followers, let them deny themselves and take up their cross daily and follow Me" (Lk 9:23).

Such a calling to self-offering is grounded upon Christ's self-offering, "who gave Himself as a ransom for all" (1 Tim 2:6), a mystery that is seen in the continual self-offering of the Trinity.

GOD'S BLESSING (6:23-27)
God tells Moses to tell Aaron, "Thus you shall bless the sons of Israel. You shall say to them,
'The Lord bless you, and keep you;
the Lord make His face to shine on you, and be gracious to you;
the Lord lift up His countenance on you, and give you peace.'
So they shall invoke My name on the sons of Israel; and then I will bless them."

"keep you" = protect, watch over, guard, and preserve.
"make His face to shine upon you" = This is the opposite of God hiding His face from Israel because of their sin, which always results in disaster, oppression, and affliction, as Israel moaned in their exile,
"For You have hidden Your face from us, and have delivered us into the hand of our iniquity" (Isa 64:6,7).
"be gracious to you" = God being gracious means He tempers His justice with His mercy.

THE PURPOSE for the ANIMAL SACRIFICES
Why did God institute the practice of animal sacrifices?
The Hebrew word for sacrifice means "to bring near."
Sacrifice was for the purpose of making it possible for sinful people to draw near to God.
The Hebrew word for "atonement" means "covering."
A sacrifice would "cover" the sin of the sinful person, thereby enabling them to be qualified to be in God's presence.

This theme of covering the person's sin is observed in the first humans. Immediately after disobeying God, they "sewed fig leaves together and made themselves loin coverings" (Gen 3:7).
Later, the book of Hebrews makes it clear that, although animal sacrifices "covered" the Israelites' sins, they did not take away the guilt of their sinfulness.
"For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" (Heb 10:4).
However, faith in the death of Christ on the cross completely makes a sinner righteous in the eyes of God.
"We have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. Every priest stands daily ministering and offering time after time the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins; but He, having offered one sacrifice for sins for all time, sat down at the right hand of God...For by one offering He has perfected for all time those who are sanctified" (Heb 10:10-14).

THE ISRAELITES COMPLAIN in the WILDERNESS (10:11-25:18)

THE CLOUD BY DAY, FIRE BY NIGHT
After the Israelites flee Egypt, God appears as a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night to lead them through the wilderness. He first appears right after Passover and travels "in front of the people," "to lead them along the way" (Ex 13:21,22).
After the Israelites spend just over one year at Mount Sinai, the cloud begins to move (Num 10:11).
The Israelites start out well.`
"They moved out for the first time according to the command of the Lord" (10:13).

However, after 3 days in the wilderness, they begin to complain.

THE ISRAELITES' COMPLAINTS
1. Their misfortunes (11:1-3).
"The people became like those who complain of adversity in the hearing of the Lord; and when the Lord heard it, His anger was kindled, and the fire of the Lord burned among them and consumed some of the outskirts of the camp...Moses prayed to the Lord and the fire died out."

2. Greedy for certain foods (11:4-34).
"The rabble who were among them had greedy desires; and also the sons of Israel wept again and said,
'Who will give us meat? We remember the fish which we used to eat free in Egypt, the cucumbers and the melons and the leeks and the onions and the garlic, but now our appetite is gone. There is nothing at all to look at except this manna.'"
God's response, "The Lord will give you meat for a whole month until it comes out your nostrils and becomes loathsome to you, because you have rejected the Lord who is among you and have wept before Him, saying, 'Why did we ever leave Egypt?'"
With a mighty wind the Lord brought enough quail into their camp to measure 3 feet deep.
"While the meat was still between their teeth, before it was chewed, the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people, and the Lord struck the people with a very severe plague."

What had the people done wrong?
"[God] humbled you and let you be hungry, and fed you with manna which you did not know, nor did your fathers know, that He might make you understand that man does not live by bread alone, but man lives by everything that proceeds out of the mouth of the Lord" (Dt 8:3).

The phrase "man does not live by bread alone" shows that the people had allowed a desire for tastier food to supersede their living by "everything that proceeds out of the mouth of the Lord." They stopped trusting in God's ability to provide for them.

3. Moses' leadership challenged (11:35-12:16).
Moses' brother, Aaron, and their sister, Miriam, "spoke against Moses because of the Cushite women whom he had married. And they said, "Has the Lord indeed only spoken through Moses? Has He not spoken through us as well?"
God's answer,
"If there is a prophet among you, I, the Lord, shall make Myself known to him in a vision. I shall speak to him in a dream. Not so, with My servant Moses. He is faithful in all My household; with him I speak mouth to mouth."
Then "Miriam was leprous, as white as snow."
"Moses cried out to the Lord, saying, 'O God, heal her, I pray!'"
But Miriam had to leave the camp for seven days before she was healed.

4. Fear of the people occupying the Promised Land (13:1-14:45).
Moses sends out Joshua and Caleb and ten others to spy out the land.
When they return, the ten say,
"We are not able to go up against the people, for they are too strong for us...The land is a land that devours its inhabitants; and all the people whom we saw in it are men of great size"
"Then all the sons of Israel grumbled against Moses,...'Would that we had died in the land of Egypt, or the wilderness!'"
"The Lord said to Moses, 'How long will this people spurn Me? And how long will they not believe in Me, despite all the signs which I have performed in their midst? I will smite them and dispossess them.'"
But Moses said to the Lord,
"'If You slay this people as one man, then the nations who have heard of Your fame will say, because the Lord could not bring this people into the land which He promised them by oath, therefore He slaughtered them in the wilderness. But now...the Lord is slow to anger and abundant in lovingkindness, forgiving iniquity and transgression...Pardon, I pray, the iniquity of this people according to the greatness of Your lovingkindness...'"
"So the Lord said, 'I have pardoned them according to your word. but...all the men who have seen My glory and My signs which I performed in Egypt and in the wilderness...shall by no means see the land which I swore to their fathers (except for Caleb and Joshua)...Your corpses shall fall in this wilderness...you who have grumbled against Me. Your children however, I will bring them in...According to the number of days which you spied out the land, forty days, for every day you shall bear your guilt a year, even forty years [before your sons can enter the Promised Land].'"

5. Moses' and Aaron's leadership challenged (16:1-17:11).
Korah and 250 others said, "All the congregation are holy, every one of them, and the Lord is in their midst; so why do you exalt yourselves above the assembly of the Lord?"
They seem to envy Moses' and Aaron's position, which they misunderstand. As a priest, Aaron's position is not one of exaltation, but one of service.
Moses replied, "Take censors for yourselves, lay incense upon them in the presence of the Lord tomorrow, and the man whom the Lord chooses shall be the one who is holy."
God's response,
"And the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up, and their households, and all the men who belonged to Korah with their possessions...Fire also came forth from the Lord and consumed the 250 men who were offering the incense."

Of the office of High Priest, Hebrews 5:4 says that "no one takes the honor to himself, but receives it when he is called by God, even as Aaron was."

The next day, the congregation accused Moses and Aaron,
"You are the ones who have caused the death of the Lord's people."
God's response,
He sent a plague which killed 14,700 before Aaron offered incense to atone for the people.

6. Lack of water (20:2-13). The waters of Meribah.
In the wilderness of Zin, the people stayed at Kadesh where "there was no water for the congregation, and they assembled themselves against Moses and Aaron...Why have you made us come up from Egypt, to bring us to this wretched place? It is not a place of grains or figs or vines or pomegranates, nor is there water to drink."
God then told Moses to "speak to the rock before their eyes, that it may yield its water."
Moses then STRUCK THE ROCK twice, rather than speaking to it, and "water came forth abundantly."
God punished Moses and Aaron for not believing Him and treating Him as holy in the sight of Israel.
Moses would not be allowed to enter the Promised Land.

7. "The people became impatient because of the journey" (21:4-9).
"The people spoke against God and Moses, 'Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For their is no food and no water, and we loathe this miserable food."
God's response,
"The Lord sent fiery serpents among the people and they bit the people, so that many people of Israel died."
The Lord told Moses to make "a bronze serpent and set it on the standard; and it came about, that if a serpent bit a man, when he looked to the bronze serpent, he lived."

Jesus compared His impending crucifixion with this event.
"As Moses lifted us the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up; so that whoever believes will in Him have eternal life. For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life" (Jn 3:14-16).

TASSELS WITH a CORD of BLUE to REMEMBER to OBEY GOD (15:37-41)
"The Lord also spoke to Moses, saying,
'Speak to the sons of Israel, and tell them that they shall make for themselves tassels on the corners of their garments throughout their generations, and that they shall put on the tassel of each corner a cord of blue. It shall be a tassel for you to look at and remember all the commandments of the Lord, so as to do them and not follow after your own heart and your own eyes, after which you played the harlot, so that you may remember to do all My commandments and be holy to your God. I am the Lord who brought you out from the land of Egypt to be your God; I am the Lord your God" (15:37-41).
(see also Dt 22:12)

In the New Testament, great sanctity was placed in these tassels, so much so that the woman who had had a hemorrhage for 12 years thought "If I only touch His (Jesus) garment, I will get well," so she "came up behind Him and touched the FRINGE of His cloak...Jesus said to her, 'Daughter, take courage; your faith has made you well'" (Mt 9:20-22).

Jesus rebuked the Pharisees, for "they lengthen the tassels of their garments" to apparently display their great spirituality to people. Yet Jesus said,
"All that they tell you, do and observe, but do not do according to their deeds; for they say things and do not do them...They do all their deeds to be noticed by men" (Mt 23:3-5).

BALAK and BALAAM (22:1-24:25)
King Balak of Moab sees the great number of Israelites and asks Balaam to curse them.
But God tells Balaam, "You shall not curse the people, for they are blessed."
Balaam leaves on his donkey to go to Moab.
Three times his donkey impedes his journey because "the donkey saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way with his drawn sword in his hand."
And each time Balaam struck his donkey.
On the third time, "the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam,
'What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?'"
Then the Lord opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way with his drawn sword in his hand."
When Balaam reaches Moab, he ends up blessing Israel three times.

A major point of this story is –
YHWH is not just another "god" whose power can be manipulated as kings and prophets see fit.
Instead of Balak using God through Balaam to curse Israel, it is God who uses kings and prophets and magicians to bring forward His purposes.

"A STAR SHALL COME FORTH FROM JACOB" (24:17)
Balaam prophecies,
"A star shall come forth from Jacob,
a scepter shall rise from Israel,
and shall crush through the forehead of Moab
and tear down all the sons of Sheth."

This prophecy partially applies to King David in his conquest of Moab (2 Kgs 8:2).
But it primarily finds its fulfillment in Christ, who says,
I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star" (Rev 22:16).
This refers to Christ's preexistence before His incarnation.
Peter refers to Christ as "the morning star (which) arises in your hearts" (2 Pet 2:1).

THEIR FINAL REBELLION and ATONEMENT (25:1-18)
"The people began to play the harlot with the daughters of Moab. For they invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods, and the people ate and bowed down to their gods. So Israel joined themselves to Baal of Peor" (25:1-3).
Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron, took a spear and pierced through both a Midianite woman and a son of Israel.
God says,
"Phinehas...has turned away My wrath from the sons of Israel in that he was jealous with My jealousy among them, so that I did not destroy the sons of Israel in My jealousy" *25:11).

YHWH tells Moses to "take full vengeance for the sons of Israel on the Midianites" (31:2).

It was later discovered that Balaam, who had obeyed YHWH in not cursing Israel, had advised Midianite women to entice the sons of Israel to worship Baal.
"Behold, these caused the sons of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to trespass against the Lord in the matter of Peor" (31:16).
This is why Balaam is later killed by the Israelites (31:8).

This is an apt warning for modern Christians, who are more likely to be lured away from Christ-like living by immorality than rational arguments against Christianity.

PREPARING to ENTER the PROMISED LAND
God gives Moses the boundaries of the Promised Land (34:1-15).
The purpose of driving out the inhabitants was so Israel would not fall into idolatry.
"When you cross over the Jordan into the land of Canaan, then you shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy their figured stones, and destroy all their molten images and demolish all their high places" (33:51,52).

"For I YHWH am dwelling in the midst of the sons of Israel" (35:34).
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